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Reviving an IBM LPFK

LPFK Keyboard

TL;DR: I picked up an IBM Lighted Program Function Keyboard (LPFK), wired its 8-pin mini-DIN to a modern USB-to-RS-232 dongle, reverse-engineered the “reset + enable + LED bitmap” protocol, and wrote a tiny Node.js app that prints keycodes and lights any key. This post documents the whole journey so you can repeat it (or just enjoy the rabbit hole).

What is the IBM LPFK?

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The IBM Lighted Program Function Keyboard (LPFK) is a 32-key auxiliary pad, each key with an independent, host-controlled indicator LED. LPFKs were intended for graphics/CAD/CAM workflows on IBM workstations and displays on 1980s: the IBM 5080/5085 graphics family in the mid-1980s and later RS/6000 systems (AIX), with options to attach to PS/2 serial ports. The device let software expose context-sensitive functions by lighting only the keys valid in the current state—an early, physical “context menu.” Wikipedia Ardent Tool of Capitalism image

A particularly common desktop unit is the IBM 6094-020 LPFK: 32 lighted keys, external 5V power, and a serial/aux interface. IBM field docs and parts lists reference the LPFK and its serial/power cable assemblies and FRUs for RS/6000/Power Systems, e.g., 39F8226 (LPFK, model 20) and 39F8302 (serial/power cable). IBM Public Cloud

How I found mine

I was hunting for other IBM gear (3178 terminal, 5160 PC/XT) when this LPFK popped up. It looked too interesting to pass up; I negotiated a bundle and ended up with two units. The plan: bring one to life on a modern Mac and keep the other as a spare (or donor).

This is a 3D model of my LPFK keyboard.

Connecting to a modern computer

  • 🔌 Power: LPFK needs +5V DC (≈ 500 mA). I used an external 5 V supply and common ground with my USB-RS232 adapter.
  • 🎛️ Interface: This unit is true RS-232, not TTL or RS-485. A quick sanity check with a multimeter on the LPFK TX pin at idle showed about −7.9 V (negative idle), which is exactly what you expect on RS-232.
  • 🪡 Pinout:
mini-DIN(male connector face):
   6   7   8
    3  4  5
     1   2
DB9(male connector face):
  1  2  3  4  5
   6  7  8  9
  • 🧭 Mapping:
mini-DIN PinDescriptionDB9 PinDescription
5TX from LPFK2PC RX
6RX to LPFK3PC TX
1/2GND5Signal GND
3/8+5 V input8+5 V input
4/7not connected7not connected

(This aligns with widely-shared community pinouts for the 6094-020 serial variant. The protocol itself doesn’t use RTS/CTS/DSR/DTR—only TX/RX/GND (+5 V).) brutman.com

Pro tip: If you aren’t sure the physical layer is right, short your adapter’s DB9 2↔3 and confirm local echo in a terminal. Only then bring the LPFK into the loop.

The mysterious rear switch (⚡️ vs ♻️)

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The LPFK I used has a two-position slide switch:

  • ⚡️(left) — behaves like diagnostic/attention: it will accept bytes from the host, and without proper init you’ll see the classic “all LEDs flash → off” acknowledgement.
  • ♻️ (right) — local echo mode: pressing a key lights that key locally; serial commands are ignored and no keycodes are sent.

For host control, set it to ⚡, then do the reset + enable sequence (below).

Serial settings and the right terminal

  • Port (macOS): /dev/tty.usbserial-…
  • Settings: 9600 baud, 8 data bits, odd parity, 1 stop (8-O-1), no flow control.
  • Tooling: picocom 3.1+ works well: 
    picocom --send-cmd "cat" -b 9600 -d 8 -p o --raise-dtr --raise-rts /dev/tty.usbserial-XXXXXX

The protocol that finally worked

Once the wiring+serial were right, the remaining barrier was mode and command bytes. After many attempts, I finally got the protocol right. The LPFK uses a simple byte protocol (no SOH frames needed):

  • Host → LPFK
    • 0x01 = Reset (leaves device disabled, LEDs off)
    • 0x06 = Read Configuration (LPFK replies 0x03)
    • 0x08 = Enable (enter reporting/controllable mode)
    • 0x09 = Disable
    • 0x94 <b0> <b1> <b2> <b3> = Set Indicators (LED bitmap)
  • LPFK → Host
    • 0x00..0x1F = Key press (32 keys)
    • 0x80 = Retransmit (LED bitmap parse error)
    • 0x81 = OK (LED bitmap accepted)
Direction: Host → LPFK
Reset (0x01)
Endpoint
Host
0x01
Endpoint
LPFK
Payload
0x01

Ready-to-send test files (macOS):

# reset / enable / disable
printf '\x01' > ~/LPFK/reset.bin
printf '\x08' > ~/LPFK/enable.bin
printf '\x09' > ~/LPFK/disable.bin
 
# clear and all-on
printf '\x94\x00\x00\x00\x00' > ~/LPFK/all_off.bin
printf '\x94\xff\xff\xff\xff' > ~/LPFK/all_on.bin
 
# single-key examples (light only 0x0A and 0x1F)
printf '\x94\x00\x20\x00\x00' > ~/LPFK/only_0a.bin   # 0x0A
printf '\x94\x00\x00\x00\x01' > ~/LPFK/only_1f.bin   # 0x1F

Picocom usage:

Ctrl-A S  ~/LPFK/reset.bin
Ctrl-A S  ~/LPFK/enable.bin
Ctrl-A S  ~/LPFK/only_0a.bin

Heads-up: The device typically sends 0x81 after a valid 0x94 bitmap (ACK). If you see 0x80, retransmit the bitmap.

Necessary boot ritual: After opening the port in ⚡ mode, you must send Reset (01) then Enable (08). Before 0x08 you’ll only see the “flash once” ack behavior; after 0x08, keycodes start flowing.

  • To see non-printable keycodes as hex: add --imap 8bithex,lfhex,crhex,tabhex,spchex to picocom.

Reading keys and lighting LEDs

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  • Keycodes: Each press emits one byte 0x00..0x1F. These are ASCII control chars; a dumb terminal turns some into newlines. Render as hex to see them clearly.
  • LED bitmap (0x94 b0 b1 b2 b3): The four data bytes are little-endian groups, each group controls 8 keys:
    • b0 → keys 00..07
    • b1 → keys 08..0F
    • b2 → keys 10..17
    • b3 → keys 18..1F
      Within each byte, bit7 lights the leftmost key of that 8-key block; bit0 lights the rightmost. (This matches published notes and our tests.) brutman.com
  • Physical geometry vs. scan order: My unit has a 6-row faceplate (4 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 4), but the scan is linear left→right by rows:
    Direction: LPFK → Host
    KeyPress 0
    Endpoint
    Host
    0x00
    Endpoint
    LPFK
    Payload
    0x00
    IBM LPFK

A basic Node.js driver

I wrote a basic Node.js driver for the LPFK.

gist.github.com/ecrecover/lpfk.js

This minimal script will:

  • (a) open the port
  • (b) reset+enable
  • (c) print keycodes as hex
  • (d) light LEDs
  • (e) run a simple animation

And here's a demo:

Fun things I might do with it

  • Macro pad / Stream-deck-style controller: map keys to app shortcuts (OBS scene switch, Photoshop tools, IDE tasks) and use LEDs as live status.
  • Status wall: show the state of services, builds, or sensors—LEDs as heartbeat/alerts.
  • Media controller: playback controls + LED feedback (play/pause/mute).
  • Retro cockpit: map sim toggles to rows/columns; LEDs indicate system states.

References

  • Protocol, wiring & power for 6094-020 (serial variant) — Michael Brutman’s excellent write-up with pinouts and command bytes. brutman.com
  • Ardent Tool — background on 6094 LPFK variants (RS-232, TTL, Japanese models; power supplies; attach kits). Ardent Tool of Capitalism
  • IBM docs (field FRUs) — LPFK 6094-020 and serial/power cable part numbers show up in Power/RS/6000 service tables. IBM Public Cloud
  • High-level description — LPFK as an IBM context-sensitive input device for CAD/graphics. Wikipedia